Project Development Approach And Justification

Tragedy and The Common Man Essay Example for Free

Catastrophe and The Common Man Essay Statement: â€Å"I accept that the normal man is as adept a subject for disaster in its most noteworthy sense as lords were. By all accounts this should be clear in the light of present day psychiatry, which puts together its investigation with respect to classific details, for example, Oedipus and Orestes buildings, for cases, which were sanctioned by illustrious creatures, however which apply to everybody in comparative passionate circumstances. † †Arthur Miller In Arthur Miller’s article â€Å"Tragedy and The Common Man† he discloses to us what he considers to be disaster and what a disastrous legend is today. He discusses that so as to be a disastrous legend the saint doesn’t should be a ruler or have any respectable foundation and rather, the basic man can be viewed as a heartbreaking saint too. Arthur Miller legitimizes that the grievous imperfection is the point at which a shocking saint won't acknowledge whatever may influence their own nobility. Arthur Miller’s thoughts on disaster are exact and can be applied to a different number of catastrophes seen all through media. In the film â€Å"A Time to Kill† Jake Brigance one of the primary characters is a legal counselor who chooses to safeguard his African American companion Carl Lee after he is charged for killing two Caucasian men who recently assaulted his multi year old little girl. The setting of the film is in a supremacist network in this manner when Jake chooses to shield Carl the catastrophe starts. In the film Jake experiences numerous hindrances one of the first of them being the point at which his significant other and kid are driven out in light of the fact that their wellbeing isn't ensured in their locale any longer. Brigance can basically drop the case and have his family remain with him anyway he chooses to adhere to what he puts stock in is correct and permits his family to leave. All through the film you can see that Jake is turning out to be forlorn not having his family close by however he pushes those emotions. At a certain point in the film Jake loses his home because of a bigot foal otherwise called the â€Å"K. K. K†. While Jake is grinding away the yearling chooses to torch his whole house ignorant that his solitary family he has left which is his Dog is in there. Once Jake gets back home to see that his home is seriously harmed he slips into a condition of forswearing and will not accept that his lone friend he has left may have kicked the bucket. In the film scene you can see that Jake is battling so much he starts to question himself. â€Å"Were going to lose this case, Carl lee†¦ I need to cop a supplication, possibly Buckley will cop us a subsequent degree murder and we can get you only life in jail. Jake could have chosen not to safeguard Carl Lee and to permit some other attorney do to the activity however he would not acknowledge the way that the court could permit a multi year old young lady to be exploited and not have any equity served due to the shade of her skin. In the book â€Å"Rome Juliet† Romeo and Juliet experience disaster on account of mishap and misfortune, the appalling reality that Friar Lawrences letter never gets to Romeo in Mantua. Mill operator says that so as to be named a deplorable legend you should be happy to set out your life so as to keep your nobility and Juliet does this. O upbeat blade! This is thy sheath; there rust and let me bite the dust! (Juliet). When Juliet doesn't get the letter structure Friar Lawrence and believes that Romeo is dead she understands that in her fight to get what she needs she has lost and in this manner sets out her life for Romeo. This shows Juliet a youngster who wasn’t sovereignty endured the same amount of as somebody with an honorable foundation would endure on the off chance that they were experiencing a similar issue. I can talk about catastrophe and being a typical man in light of the fact that at one point in my life I’ve experienced it. A year ago in grade ten I was determined to have a tumor on my thyroid. At the point when the specialists revealed to me I had a tumor on my thyroid they disclosed to me that they were uncertain on the off chance that it was malignant or not. For about fourteen days I needed to hang tight for the outcomes during those weeks I had this dread chasing after me and everything I could consider was whether I had malignant growth or not. I experienced a few tests. After the entirety of my outcomes from the test returned the specialist disclosed to me that my tumor was benevolent which implied it was not malignant but rather the issue was it wouldn’t quit developing. It developed to the point it appeared as though I had an Adam’s apple. The main decision I had was to remove the tumor or take pills which could control it anyway I would need to take the pills all through my whole life, the pills were costly. I chose to complete the medical procedure rather and I currently have this huge scar on my neck. As should be obvious I likewise experienced disaster when I was determined to have the benevolent tumor. Normal men can be shocking legends also paying little heed to the notoriety or the status they hold. Disasters are not implied for simply individuals with high positions or regular individuals who might peruse or watch media that had to do with catastrophe wouldn’t have the option to fathom it. Everybody endures some sort of disaster in their life which permits us to comprehend catastrophes much better.

Guide on Individual Counseling

Guide on Individual Counseling There was a time when counseling was associated with those who have extreme mental and psychological problems. If someone is so problematic to the point of depression, they are advised to sign up for counseling.But times have changed, and the perception on the concept has certainly evolved as well. In fact, it is no longer uncommon to see companies and large corporations integrating counseling in their employee or workforce welfare programs. Yes, counseling has become a part of corporate culture, and more and more people are now recognizing the benefits that counseling can provide. © Shutterstock | ScandinavianStockThis guide walks you through 1) what counseling is, 2) common misconceptions about counseling, 3) what is individual counseling, and 4) tips on how to make the most out of individual counseling.COUNSELING OVERVIEWThere are so many definitions of counseling floating around, some more complicated than others. It was described by Burks and Steffire as a way to “help clients understand and clarify their views of their lifespace, and to learn to reach their self-determined goals through meaningful, well-informed choices and through resolution or problems of an emotional or interpersonal nature”.Feltham and Dryden further added to that, describing counseling as a “relationship characterized by the application of psychological theories and a recognized set of communication skills”. The American Counseling Association gave a clearer definition when it said that counseling is a “professional relationship that empowers diverse individuals, families, and groups to accomplish mental health, wellness, education, and career goals.”In simpler terms, counseling has been defined as the act of offering or providing clients with advice which will, in turn, be used as a guide in making important decisions. The advice is offered by professionals known as counselors in a counseling session or meeting agreed upon by both parties. It used to be that people resort to counseling because there is a problem that needs to be solved, and that they may come across the solution to that problem while speaking with their counselors.These days, there doesn’t have to be a pressing problem that needs to be solved before a client approaches a counselor. Counseling can be undertaken even if there is no problem that needs an immediate solution.In order to recognize the importance of counseling, it would be a good idea to take a look at the results that can be achieved from counseling.The client becomes more self-aware, gaining deeper insight of herself . This understanding promotes greater self-acceptance and appreciation, thus encouraging her to further improve on her strengths and good points, and change for the better where necessary.The client’s set of values and beliefs, which were thought to be permanent and set in stone, are challenged and become more open to change. This makes more room for flexibility, allowing the client to be more adaptable and adjustable to change. As a result, the person is more open to changing her way of thinking, behaving and feeling.Along with self-awareness, the client also becomes more aware of the people around her. She gains a better understanding of other people â€" why they do what they do, what motivates them and what is important to them. This increased sensitivity and understanding paves the way towards building and maintaining stronger relationships.The client will be empowered to set goals and go about accomplishing them. Counseling helps them gain clarity and urge them to come up wit h strategies and ideas that will let them achieve their goals.The client’s health will also benefit. Many claim that, after counseling sessions, they feel significantly lighter, and their stress levels significantly reduced.The client obtains the opportunity to make amends for past wrongs that she has committed, or forgive wrongs done by others against her. Again, this will promote goodwill among people, and the client will have improved relations with others.Learn more about the general counselling process from this video. Counseling has been proven to be most effective for individuals who are dealing with any of the following:Addiction and abuse (alcohol, drugs, and other vices)Adjustment issues (moving to a new place, starting a new job or at a new school)AngerDepression and anxietyEating disordersGender identityGrief over losses (death, relationship breakups, bankruptcy)Physical abuse and traumaRelationship problems (with family, friends, workmates)StressFrom the list above, o ne would conclude that clients who seek counseling are those who undergo extreme circumstances. However, that is no longer the case, as counseling can also be sought by those who do not have what most people would refer to as “big” problems.MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT COUNSELINGBefore we go any further, let us first address some mistaken notions about what counseling really is.#1  Counseling tells you what decisions to make.It’s true that counseling involves the provision of advice. However, this advice is only offered as a form of guidance. At the end of the day, it is the client who will make the decision, basing on the realizations arrived to as a result of the guidance offered during counseling.#2  Counseling will sort out all your problems.Again, counseling is not a solution. Rather, it is a means to arrive at a solution. Do not expect to have your problems worked out if you spend time with a professional counselor, and do not go to a counselor fully expecting him to hand out so lutions for your problems.#3  Counseling works in the same way for everyone.Counseling does not have a one-size-fits-all approach. Any professional counselor would tell you that there different circumstances being experienced by different clients. This means there has to be different approaches towards solving each one of them. It’s actually very rare to find two clients facing the exact same problems.INDIVIDUAL COUNSELINGCounseling comes in many different types and forms, depending on several factors. They can be differentiated as to the reason or purpose of counseling, such as career counseling, grief counseling, couples counseling and family counseling. When it comes to the mode of delivery or method of execution, we can classify them as either face-to-face sessions, sessions conducted over the telephone or via other forms of correspondence. However, the most common classification would be whether it is done in groups or one-on-one.Individual vs. Group CounselingAs the phrase i mplies, group counseling involves a group or people faced with the same or similar issues. They will put their heads together and work together to tackle those issues. A classic example would be group counseling for recovering alcoholics. In some cases, couples in the middle of divorce or a child custody dispute are also likely to undergo group counseling, working under the assumption that there is strength in numbers. Family counseling also falls under the group counseling category, since it involves more than one member of the family and the counselor working together to face an issue that affects all of them.It is different with individual counseling where there are only two people in the room: the counselor and the client. The focus is the individual â€" his concerns, his issues, and his goals. It involves one-on-one dialogues between the client and the counselor, and they take on the role of partners.The decision on whether to choose group counseling or individual counseling wi ll largely depend on the preference of the client, and the nature of the problem or issues that he or she is facing.Advantages and Disadvantages of Individual CounselingSome prefer individual counseling more than group counseling and vice versa, and there are a lot of factors affecting that preference. The reasons for this may be determined once we have identified the advantages of individual counseling.+ Individual counseling guarantees confidentiality. Confidentiality is an essential element of counseling. Professional counselors are just like medical practitioners in the sense that they, too, are bound by patient-doctor confidentiality terms. They are not supposed to divulge any information shared by their clients with them. In one-on-one counseling sessions, there is a greater assurance that any information shared by the client will remain between the two of them. This is not something that is guaranteed in a group counseling session, considering that there are other people, bes ides you and the counselor, who will also be privy to everything that will be discussed during the session.+ Individual counseling is more flexible. Counselors have different approaches in conducting these therapy sessions. If there is only one client, it will be easier to tailor the approach in a way that is most suitable for the client, unlike in a group setting, where you have to consider more than one person. Counselors will find more freedom in the individual setup, since they can work on isolated issues as they see fit.+ Individual counseling ensures focused attention of the counselor. There is only one client, so the counselor’s full attention will be on that client for the duration of their scheduled counseling session.+ Individual counseling allows clients to be comfortable. There are many people who are not comfortable talking about their personal problems in groups, even if the other people in the group are already known to them. The tendency of this discomfort is that they won’t be able to open up fully during counseling and they will tend to withhold some information. When it is just the client and the counselor, with no one else listening in and probably judging, these people will be able to express themselves more fully and comfortably.Of course, it would not be fair not to consider the disadvantages of individual counseling. There is a high risk of getting too personal or emotionally involved. Remember that there is only the counselor and the client working together. There is a risk that the client will end up relying greatly on the counselor and developing an emotional attachment to her, and vice versa. This could be a potential problem when it comes to objectivity in making decisions. The results are too focused on one person only: the client. Since the client is the one sharing experiences, her input is the only one that will be taken into consideration during the discussion. Others are excluded. For example, if an individual who is unde rgoing relationship trouble with a spouse decided to undergo individual counseling, the issues are tackled without the input or point-of-view of the other person involved in the relationship. As a result, the decision that will be made at the end is likely to be a bit one-sided. Counselors may have limited knowledge. There is a possibility that the counselor does not have prior knowledge or experience about an issue that is being dealt with by the client. If they were in a group setting, the counselor can derive input from other people with similar situations in the group and make deductions from there. As it is, there is no one else in an individual counseling setting, so this limitation comes up strongly.TIPS ON UNDERGOING INDIVIDUAL COUNSELINGBe prepared. Physically, mentally, and psychologically.When you sign up for counseling, expect that you will be sharing a bit of yourself. You may even end up baring your soul. For many people, this is a difficult thing to do, which is why t here is a need for mental preparation. You have to be prepared to expose yourself to another person, who may even be a complete stranger prior to your first meeting as counselor and client.You should also be ready for your beliefs, values, and preconceptions to be challenged. And they will be, so make sure you are prepared for it. Counseling also involves tapping into one’s emotions, so be prepared to express your emotions. This may be especially difficult for individuals with closed-off personalities and introverts who do not express themselves openly. But if you are determined to make a success out of your individual counseling, then you should make an effort at this.Know what you need.From the beginning, you have to be fully aware of the problem that you want help with. You have to be clear on your goals in undergoing counseling and spending money on it. What do you want to accomplish? What do you expect from the counselor? What will it take for the counseling session to be a s uccess?Knowing this will give you a push in the right direction. Always keep your eye on that goal so you can move directly towards it.Find a good counselor or therapist.Make sure that the person who will be your counselor is someone you can trust. Look into her:Qualifications. Look into the basics, such as educational credentials and certifications.Reputation. Tap into her professional circles and see whether she has had any problems with clients before, especially concerning confidentiality.Track record. You should also look into who her other clients are, both in the past and the present. You may even ask other clients how she is as a counselor.Do not hesitate to ask questions; that is your right. If, during the first meeting, you do not feel comfortable with the counselor, it is your prerogative to keep looking for another one. Do not force yourself. Besides, keep in mind that, in order for the counseling therapy to be successful, you have to be able to build rapport with your c ounselor. If the signs point to the opposite direction, don’t hesitate to look for someone else.Keep an open mind.This may be difficult for many, but at least try. You enter counseling to hear what you are supposed to, not what you want to. Going in, you are assumed to be in a state of readiness to hear and face truths that may hurt you or may be hard for you to accept. That is part of counseling.Along with keeping an open mind, you have to learn to adapt some willingness â€" willingness to effect changes, willingness to adapt, and willingness to accept that, perhaps, you were wrong about something.Be patient.Counseling is a process, which means there are steps or progressions. You cannot expect results or changes overnight, no matter how much you wish for it. A single two-hour counseling session may pass by without any tangible results. Again, there is no definite period or number of hours for an issue to be resolved. You need to be patient and give time for the results to show u p.You also have to know that counseling can go from a few weeks to several years, depending on the nature of the counseling or the specific need of the client. You also have to be prepared to undergo counseling for an indefinite period, if necessary.Make that call. Set up that appointment.This is probably the most difficult step â€" the first one. You have been contemplating going to counseling for a problem that has been bugging you for a long time, giving you sleepless nights and restless days, and draining energy out of your lifein general. You might also apprehensive about talking to a stranger about your problems. Or you could be having some doubts about whether the session will be able to help you in the long run or not. Maybe you have trust issues, because what if others find out that you are seeing a counselor and undergoing therapy?Get over these fears. Face the fact that you have issues and problems, and that you need help, and you need it RIGHT NOW. Call up the counselor that you have researched thoroughly on and set that appointment. Once you do, make sure that you keep it.

The Harlem Renaissance A Golden Age Of African American...

Back in Baltimore The Harlem Renaissance was a golden age in African American culture where white America started to recognize the contributions of blacks in culture, social, and artistic aspects. Humanitiestexas.org states, â€Å"Traditionally the Harlem Renaissance was viewed primarily as a literary movement centered in Harlem and growing out of the black migration and the emergence of Harlem as the premier black metropolis in the United States. Music and theater were mentioned briefly, more as background and local color, as providing inspiration for poetry and local color for fiction.† Writers like Langston Hughes, Gwendolyn Brooks, and Countee Cullen were all poet who played enormous roles during the Harlem Renaissance. Countee Cullens†¦show more content†¦Although at the time, racism, discrimination, and social justice was still a huge issues going on around the world, Martin and Thomas thought as each other as equal, and didn t pay attention to the fact that the y were different races. The first part of the movie refers to the first stanza of the poem â€Å"Incident† by Countee Cullen. As Cullen wrote â€Å"Once riding in old Baltimore, / Heart-filled, head-filled with glee,† (1-2). Making Martin as happy as can be, especially when he’s with Thomas will be emphasized in the movie. The next part of the movie will involve Martin taking a bit of a stand, which ends up causing a turning point. Martin ends up questing Thomas as to why they never go to his house. Martins mother is always very welcoming to Thomas, offering him what ever she was able to afford for food. While out one day Martin asks if they can go to Thomas house after. Thomas becomes extremely nervous and starts to make up different excuses. When Martin becomes upset Thomas finally agrees to warns him that his parents won t be very welcoming. They arrive at Thomas house, and it was the biggest house Martin has ever seen. Shortly after walking in, Thomas intro duces Martin to his parents. Thomas mom looked at Martin, whispered something to his dad and walks away. A few seconds after Thomas’ brother came to the door. Thomas’ brother was about a year older than Martin and Thomas. He quickly looked at his parents, and back at Martin and said â€Å"He’s a ‘Nigger’†Show MoreRelatedHarlem Renaissance Essay1048 Words   |  5 PagesThe Harlem Renaissance was a significant historical movement that originated in Harlem, New York and helped establish the city as an African American cultural center. This period, which lasted from the 1910s to the mid 1930s, is considered a golden age for African American music, art, literature, and performance. As a resurgence of African American art and urbanization began to form, new artistic and social expression began to simultaneously develop in other urban areas as well. The Harlem RenaissanceRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance s Influence And Impact1262 Words   |  6 PagesThe Harlem Renaissance s Influence and Impact The Harlem Renaissance era is known for its rich culture and being the source for many African American breakthrough artists such as Alain Locke,W.E.B DuBois, and Ethel Waters. . Whether it be the diversity of music, drama, art, or literature, it’s surely present during that period of time and still is today. Many questions about this time period include â€Å"How was Harlem life like back then?† â€Å"What is the Harlem Renaissance?†, and â€Å"How did itRead MoreLangston Hughes And The Harlem Renaissance1476 Words   |  6 Pages Langston Hughes, a Voice for the Taciturn Take a time machine back to one of the most culturally-rich times in history, the Modern Age. More specifically, set your destination to northern Manhattan in the early 20s. When you step onto those bustling streets, you’ll find yourself swept up in the Harlem Renaissance. The contemporary writers you are surrounded by are legends such as Langston Hughes and W. E. B. DuBois, and the contemporary musicians you may hear at a local nightclub include some ofRead MoreJackie Robinson : African American Civil Rights Activist1181 Words   |  5 PagesBefore the Committee on Un-American Activities, House of Representatives, Eighty First Congress, First Session. 18 July. 1949. This is a transcript from 1949, when Jackie Robinson was summoned before the HUAC to discuss communism to Black America. He reminds the court that he is coming from a view of being a colored American, â€Å"with 30 years of experience†. Jackie follows to explain that democracy will only work for those who are willing to fight for it (addressed Negro Americans). Du Bois, W.E.B. TheRead MoreTableau Analytical Essay . The Harlem Renaissance Was A1351 Words   |  6 PagesTableau Analytical Essay The Harlem Renaissance was a turning point for the United States as a whole, but more importantly African American Culture. African Americans in the United States became more prominent and involved in society. Culturally and artistically African Americans began to thrive as they began to fully express themselves and become more involved in American society. Countee Cullen, an African American, was apart of the artistic movement. Through his writing Cullen exemplified theRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1138 Words   |  5 Pages(F. Scott Fitzgerald. The Great Gatsby). This is a famous quote from Fitzgerald because this is what the 1920’s was about.The American Dream was about working hard for what you want and this quotes sums it up. Everybody in the 1920’s worked hard for what they had and wanted. The 1920’s was a time to remember. The 1920’s was known by so many names. For example the Jazz Age, Flappers, the ‘New† Women and so much more. The 1920’s was very vibrant, exciting, and different. Everything was so differentRead MoreAn Analysis of The Negro Speaks of Rivers Essay952 Words   |  4 PagesThe 1920s and 1930s were the years of the Jazz Age and the Harlem Renaissance. This period of the Roaring Twenties is said to have begun around the end of the war and lasted well until the Great Depression. Partially due to the migration of more and more African Americans into the north of the United States, the national literature, arts and music movement developed into something, until then, completely new and literary modernism spread further (Perkins and Perkins 212). The 1920s were a time ofRead MoreLangston Hughes and the Harlem Renaissance Essay2223 Words   |  9 Pagesand the Harlem Renaissance Harlem Renaissance was undoubtedly a cultural and social-political movement for the African American race. 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The main writers embodying the Harlem Renaissance were Claude McKay, Langston Hughes and CounteeRead MoreEssay on Women and Social Change: The Wild and Roaring Twenties999 Words   |  4 PagesThe Wild and Roaring Twenties The roaring twenties, also known as the Jazz Age or the Golden Twenties, was a time of dramatic social changes, lifestyle changes, and changes in culture that took place in the United States, the United Kingdom, and in Canada. Women began to demand equal rights as the wealth of these nations doubled. Some of the many social changes included the women getting their hair cut short, in a bob-like style, by male barbers. The women also began to wear shorter skirts, as

Improving The Quality Of Life On A Global Standard

The organization, Aletheia, strives to improve the quality of life on a global standard. They work within various fields and have a strong team composed of individuals from different backgrounds that allows for a multitude of capabilities. Aletheia, as stated on their Facebook page, â€Å"strives to bring light to dark places by partnering with government, industry, civil society, and international organizations to develop and coordinate durable solutions to persistent social challenges.† They work within country development, environmental management, food security, human rights, peace building, and public health. The organization is young and is still developing its roots but has a lot of great potential. The organization recruits their workers from various backgrounds such as the military, law experience, strong non-profit organizations, academic careers, and more. They work together, with the help of today’s technology, to create macro-solutions to hard pressing inte rnational issues in territories such as, Africa, Asia, Latin America, Middle America, and Oceania. Within the many fields that Aletheia has worked on, they are currently developing awareness and projects that will combat human trafficking on a national and global level. Sex trafficking is a major issue in all countries, and the public is generally unaware of what to do to protect themselves and their loved ones. Some of the work that Aletheia is developing will be combined with other non-profit organizations,Show MoreRelatedThe Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Essay970 Words   |  4 Pagesbecome involved with the IEEE during their careers and help in developing new and beneficial technologies. 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If opportunities exist for the investorsRead MoreThe Collapse Of The Soviet Union Essay1255 Words   |  6 Pagesunemployment rates [2]. Ensuring quality education for children and adults will make Ukraine competitive in world economies. Introduction: The United Nations came up with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to make this world a better place and provide equal opportunities for everybody around the world and make cities sustainable. The Goal Number Four is to ensure that everybody completes free education leading to effective and relevant learning outcomes. Obtaining quality education is a fundamentalRead MoreEssay on The Objectives and Roles of the World Health Organization1596 Words   |  7 Pagestargets are developing promoting, health security, strengthening health systems, generating research, information and evidence, enhancing partnerships and improving WHO:s performance (WHO 2013) . In our country we have our own health policy, Health 2015 (STM 2001) , which is a long-term health policy programme, based on the WHO:s new Global Health on the 21-program and principle of health in all policies. It is purposed to improve health and functional capacity to lead longer active lives, andRead MoreCorporation s So cial Responsibility : Green Marketing And The Effects On The Environment853 Words   |  4 PagesCritical Analysis Topic: Corporation’s Social Responsibility: Green Marketing and the Effects on the Environment PRINCIPLE: ï‚ § Coporation’s Social Responsibility defined is as an organization that uses business strategies for the purpose of improving human and environmental well-being (Lawrence Weber, 2014) ï‚ § Corporation’s should perform in a way that enhances society and the world’s occupants ï‚ § Created to maintain and protect the interest of employees, suppliers, consumers, and society (NortonRead MoreQuality And Quality Of Quality Essay1314 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Quality is concerned with planning, prevention and improvements that prevent the occurrence of deficiency, failure or errors in all the business procedures of an organization. This leads to reduced overall business costs and improved performances of products and results of the organization. Such an approach is superior to all the others and enables the organization s long-term development. The Quality revolution started in the early years of the 20th century, spread wildly by the endRead MoreThe Effects Of Carbon Emission On Climate Change1546 Words   |  7 Pagesbut one threat that society predominately contributes to all on their own, is climate change. There are many feasible explanations for the global threat of climate change. These explanations include but are not limited to, the act of deforestation to the rainforest and other trees, green house gas emissions, and sulfate aerosol, which cause poor air quality. It is reported that nearly three quarters of green house gases are a result of humans burning fossil fuels from nonrenewable energy, carsRead MoreMcDonalds Production and Operations Management902 Words   |  4 PagesMcDonalds Production or Operations Management: Total Quality Management (TQM) is a combination of fourteen principles that were developed by Dr. W. Edwards Deming for production and operations management. One of these major principles is the need to work in teams through breaking down barriers between staff and department areas. The use of teams in production and operations management requires workers in different areas like maintenance, leasing, and administration must work in teams to deal withRead MoreImproving Nutrition Through Food Fortification: Article Analysis1389 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿The Improving nutrition through food fortification article in the Guardian provides important information concerning food distribution in the developing world and about how it is essential for fortification to become more common in order for people in developing countries to be able to develop properly. The article emphasizes that the developed world is no longer expected to assist the developing world by delivering sacks of flour, g rain and other basic ingredients to developing and impoverishedRead MoreAccounting Standard Board Paper 31433 Words   |  6 PagesRunning Head: ACCOUNTING STANDARDS BOARDS PAPER Accounting Standards Boards Paper Lila Alemar ACC 541 Shauki Smith May 24, 2010 History of the relationship between IASB and FASB The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) began operations in 2001. It is an organization committed to developing, in the public interest, a single set of high quality, global accounting standards that require transparent and comparable information in general purpose financial

Local environment in forest park district, Wuhan Free Essays

Thesis statement: Barbecues have negative impacts on the environment because barbecues polluted the air and lake and also harmed the ecosystem in the forest park by decreasing the area of habitats and number of species. Abstract: The purpose of this research was to find the influence that human had in this area. The methods of this research were to investigate the local environment. We will write a custom essay sample on Local environment in forest park district, Wuhan or any similar topic only for you Order Now The findings of this research were show the quality of the air and water and some living things in this area. The result of this research was to determine that the pollution was caused by human activities. The conclusion of this research was that human should do something to protect the environment. Introduction:  The purpose of this report was to find the influence that human had in this area. The five measurable objectives were the quality of air, water, soil, the population in this area and the number of plants or animals. The location is forest park district, Wuhan. The thesis statement of this report is that if want to access the human impact on the area and the area is measured and then the human impact can be determined. Methodology:  First of all, a map of PengLai Park was drawn and be explained. Then two trees, two bushes and two animals were being classified and searched on the internet. A food web and a food chain were not observed. After that, detailed the plants and animals distribution by using the quadrant method. Firstly, a 10m time’s 10m box was made up by two l0 meters long ropes. And then, the locations of each box which used in this research were recorded. Thirdly, the number of organisms that existed in the box were counted by four people and be recorded. After that, a picture of the location and all the things that appear in the box was been taken. By using the eyes and noses to determine the quality of the local air, water, and soil. The things that have done to the area in terms of pollution were by looking around their behavior. Findings:  Sands and clays have been found and the road was made up with cements. The majority plants exist in the park Chinese Sweet Gum and Zelkova  Schneiderina. A large amount of plants in this park were planted by human. The majority plants exist in the park were birdsand cats and human being. There was few living animals exist in the pool, nevertheless, there were still some aquatic plants exist in the pool. The food chain and food web was not observed. The local quality of air, water and soil were not very well because the environment is polluted by human effect such as smoking. Besides, there were lots of garbage throws by the neighbors who live nearby and nobody clean them in time. What is more, the water in the pool was really smells bad so that we can found out the quality of water is poor. Last but not least, some plants show the poor quality of the soil and it was damaged seriously. In a word, the local environment was damaged and polluted. According the data from these two tables, they show that the average amount of the plants b is 5, and the average amount of the animals is 1. On the other hand, the total area of the park is about 27602 meter squares. The  total number of plants was 138010 and there were 27602 animals existed. These information shows that there is a few plants and animals exist in this area because of the pollution. Moreover, the number of plants and animals is not changeable. According to the pollution caused by human being, it is easy to determine that human lead to some severe consequences. For example, the garbage all around the park and nobody clean them, the poor quality of air and water. However, people who live nearby did something to protect this area and to improve the poor environment. Though there are lots of drawbacks, but humans are still try to something for this area so that can make the quality of their life become better. Since different living things have its own habitats and habits so that they live in the different area. By using the quadrant method, it shows some area have more living things than others. Discussion:  The information of the finding part shows the several following things. First of all, the environment is not very well; the quality of water and air is poor, the soil shows the bad consequence of the environment in this area. On the other hand, it shows how human’s impact on the park’s environment, such as throwing garbage anywhere, but also human did some good things to protect the environment. The finding supports the idea of what average people thought. The park is polluted, and it causes the decreasing of the plants and animals. The garbage which was thrown by neighbors who lived nearby also worsens the pollution. Furthermore, some planting areas were destroyed by human as well. The information which given by methodology is very valuable for this research. For example, the Quadrant Method helps to found out the total number of the living plants and animals and it offers a huge convenience. Besides, the observation done by the groups showed how human impact on the local environment. The sense of sight and smell also help to determine the quality of air. The Secchi Disk is not used in this research because the water in the pool was not deep enough. Conclusion:  The information in the findings can prove the thesis statement and the data was used to analysis the human impact on the local environment. As an  artificial park, most of the stuff in there was built by human being. It was a place with high rate of human activities so that there were so much pollution and damage. The high rate of human activities is also the reason there lots of garbage in the park. The information about the park can also be used to help protect the environment of the park. As a citizen of Wuhan, human should try the best to protect the environment and the government should think some solutions such as let some volunteers to clean the park in time and so on. In brief, no matter how poor the environment is, humans should take good care of it. How to cite Local environment in forest park district, Wuhan, Papers

Machiavelli Essays (2514 words) - Fidel Castro, Cuban Revolution

Machiavelli When you speak of Fidel Castro, what do you speak of? The Cuban Leader is not your everyday leader. To fully understand Fidel Castro you must have a firm foundation with which to work from. I will explore the political ideology of Fidel Castro by explaining what is in an ideology, Fidel Castro's background, and his political position both before the Cuban revolution and presently. An ideology is a number of action-oriented, materialistic, popular, and simplistic political theories that were originally developed as an accommodation to the social and economic conditions created by the Industrial Revolution (Baradat 13). The action can be broken into a five-part definition for idealistic purposes. To begin, the term ideology can be used in many contexts, but unless otherwise specified it is proper to give it a political meaning. All ideologies provide an interpretation of the present and a view of the desired future. This desirable future is thought to be attainable in a single lifetime. Each ideology includes a list of specific steps that can be taken to accomplish its goals. Ideologies are oriented towards the masses, and finally, ideologies are simply stated and presented in motivational terms. In speaking of Fidel Castro and his ideologies I will apply these five definitional segments. Many theorists believe Cuban Leader Fidel Castro was directed in his political thought from an early age. He was born on May 13, 1927, on his families sugar plantation in the town of Mayari, Cuba. As a boy, Castro worked on the family plantation, and at age 6 was able to persuade his parents to send him to school. He attended two Jesuit institutions, eventually entering a Jesuit preparatory school; a member of the Roman Catholic Society of Jesus founded by Saint Ignatius Loyola in 1534 and devoted to missionary and educational work. Both through his first hand look at the oppression of individuals and the importance of education help to shape Fidel Castro, and differentiate what was right and wrong. Three years later, in 1945 Castro attended the University of Havana Faculty of Law. That same year he was so fed up with the oppressed working class that he unionized the workers of his father's plantation to fight for a voice in exercising their rights. After graduation from Law School in 1950 be began practicing in Havana with two partners. As a lawyer he devoted himself to helping the poor. Although very active in politics throughout his college career, it was in 1952 that Castro first attempted to run for national politics. Just as Castro intended to campaign for a parliamentary seat, General Fuligenico Batista overthrew the government of President Carlos Prio Socarras in a coup and cancelled the election. Trying to oppose the military dictatorship through peaceful means and failing led Castro to head an armed attack of 165 men, calling themselves the 26th of July Revolutionary Movement. Failing completely through his violent attack, Castro and his brother Raul were taken prisoner until May 1955. After much recruiting, on New Year's Day in 1959 he succeeded in overthrowing the dictatorship of Batista. It was one week later that the United States officially recognized Castro's new government. It was shortly after this time in 1961, and now in power, that Fidel Castro announced to the world that he was a Marxist ?Leninist and would remain so until the last day of his life. The question that arises when you first hear this is what is a Marxist-Leninist ideology and does Fidel Castro qualify to call himself such a thinker. Many theorists argue that Fidel Castro isn't attached to any particular ideology. His only goal is survival and power. Strong evidence pointing to this fact is that Fidel Castro survived the fall of Communism in the Soviet Union. In the case of Castro, however, if you dig enough in search for an underlying ideology, you will find that his thought and action is closer to that of a Marxist- Leninist than to any other ideology. It is for certain that he was a young revolutionist in his preliminary political life. Remember it was he who led the country of Cuba into a revolution against the political power, President Batista, in 1959, believing that change would only happen if he burnt down the political system and rebuilt on its ashes. After the rebellion was over the entire population had to be radicalized, attitudes changed, traditions destroyed, the popular support maintained and deepened, viable organizations and institutions created, and social justice distributed. Fidel Castro in 1967, "The most difficult task was not exactly

The Old Man And The Sea Essays - American Literature, Free Essays

The Old Man And The Sea Essays - American Literature, Free Essays The Old Man And The Sea The Old Man and the Sea is a heroic tale of man's strength pitted against forces he cannot control. It is a story about an old Cuban fisherman and his three-day battle with a giant Marlin. Through the use of three prominent themes; friendship, bravery, and Christianity; the Old Man and the Sea strives to teach important life lessons to the reader while also epitomizing Santiago, the old fisherman, as a Hemingway code hero. The relationship between Santiago and the boy is introduced early in the story. They are unlikely companions; one is old and the other young, yet they share an insuperable amount of respect and loyalty for each other. Santiago does not treat Manolin as a young boy but rather as an equal. Age is not a factor in their relationship. Manolin does not even act as a young boy; he is mature and sensitive to Santiago's feelings. He even offers to disobey his parents and accompany Santiago on his fishing trips. Santiago is viewed as an outcast in his village because he has not caught any fish for more than eighty-four days and is therefore unlucky. Nonetheless Manolin is loyal to Santiago and even when his parents forbid him he wants to help his friend. Their conversations are comfortable, like that of two friends who have known each other for a long time. When they speak it is usually about baseball or fishing, the two things they have most in common. Their favorite team is the Yankees and S antiago never loses faith in them even when the star player, Joe DiMaggio is injured with a heel spur. In this way Santiago not only teaches Manolin about fishing but also about important characteristics such as faith. In the story Santiago's bravery is unsurpassed but it is not until he hooks the great fish that we truly see his valor and perseverance. Through Santiago's actions Hemingway teaches the reader about bravery and tenacity in the face of adversity. He demonstrates that even when all is lost and seems hopeless a faith and willful heart will overcome anything. Santiago had lost his luckiness and therefore the respect of his village. Through the description of his cabin we also suspect that Santiago is a widower. Although Santiago has had many troubles he perseveres. He has faith in Manolin, in the Yankees, in Joe DiMaggio, and most importantly in himself. This is perhaps his greatest attribute because without it he would never have had the strength to persevere and defeat the giant Marlin. Faith is not the only thing that drives his perseverance. Santiago also draws upon his past victories for strength. After he hooks the Marlin he frequently recalls his battle with a native in what he calls the hand game. It is not just an arm wrestling victory for him it is a reminder of his youthful days. His recollections of this event usually proceed a favorite dream of his in which he sees many lions on a peaceful shore. These lions represent him when he is young and strong and could overcome any challenge. Although he is an old man and his body is no longer like it used to be his heart is still great and he eventually defeats the Marlin. Santiago's perseverance and bravery are further illustrated when he tries to fight off the sharks. He was a fisherman all his life and therefore he knows that the fate of his catch is inevitable yet he persists to fight the sharks. The battle between him and the sharks is about principles not a mere fish. Santiago is still a great warrior at hea rt and warriors fight until the end. One of the greatest and most obvious pieces of symbolism in the story is Christianity. From the beginning of the story the reader is shown a unique relationship between Santiago and Manolin. Their relationship parallels that of Christ and his disciples. Manolin is Santiago's disciple and Santiago teaches Manolin about fishing and life. One of the greatest lessons that Santiago gives is that of a simple faith. Have faith in the Yankees my son. This type of faith reflects the basic principles of Christianity. Hemingway's

Elementary School Science Fair Projects

Elementary School Science Fair Projects It can be a challenge to come up with an elementary school science fair project idea thats fun and challenging. Even at the grade-school level, there will be fierce competition to come up with the winning idea- but winning first prize should not be the focus of your childs project. Learning and making the project fun and encouraging a genuine interest in science should be your top priority. Elementary School Science Fair Project Basics Elementary school projects arent supposed to be rocket science (though of course, they can be). Keep in mind, judges will disqualify projects if they suspect parents did too much or all of the work. Part of science is making a reproducible procedure. Resist the temptation to let your child make a display or do a demonstration. Instead, gear the project toward answering a question or solving a problem. Start by finding a video an online tutorial for a project that appeals to your child and then let him or her try to reproduce it. Make sure to follow all directions and safety precautions outlined in the experiment to the letter. Documentation is also essential to the success of your childs project. Keeping careful notes and taking pictures as the project progresses is a great way to document data. These notes should include how well his or her results match those of the original project. How Much Time Should Be Devoted to the Project? Time is a factor that has to be considered for all science projects. Even though the actual number of hours spent to complete any given project may be the same, some science fair projects can be done over the space of a weekend, while others that involve recording data over a period of time (say, 10 minutes per day over the course of a few weeks). Finding out if theres going to be a year-end science fair that your child will be expected to participate in will allow you to plan accordingly. Weekend Projects The following projects can be accomplished fairly quickly. Make sure your child sets a specific goal to be achieved or question they will be attempting to answer. Gather the specific items needed to complete the project in advance. Have your child document the steps in the experiment as they go along and also record his or her conclusion at the end. Try making colored bubbles. Can you color them with food coloring? If so, what differences do you notice between colored bubbles and regular bubbles?Can you predict what things will glow under a black light?Will chilling an onion before cutting it keep you from crying?What ratio of vinegar to baking soda produces the best chemical volcano eruption?Are night insects attracted to lamps because of heat or light?Can you make Jell-O using fresh pineapples instead of canned pineapples?Do white candles burn at a different rate than colored candles?Compare using saltwater (a saturated solution of sodium chloride) and freshwater to dissolve Epsom salts. Will the saltwater dissolve the Epsom salts? Does the freshwater or saltwater work more quickly or effectively?Does the shape of an ice cube affect how quickly it melts?Do different brands of popcorn leave different amounts of unpopped kernels?How do differences in surfaces affect the adhesion of tape?If you shake up different kinds or brands of soft drinks (e.g., carbonated), will they all spew the same amount? Are all potato chips equally greasy (you can crush them to get uniform samples and look at the diameter of a grease spot on brown paper)? Is greasiness different if different oils are used (e.g., peanut versus soybean)?Can you use a household water filter to remove flavor or color from other liquids?Does the power of a microwave affect how well it makes popcorn?If you use invisible ink, does a message appear equally well on all types of paper? Does it matter what type of invisible ink you use?Do all brands of diapers absorb the same amount of liquid? Does it matter what the liquid is (water as opposed to juice or milk)?Do different brands of batteries (same size, new) last equally long? Does changing the device in which the batteries are used (e.g., running a flashlight as opposed to running a digital camera) change the results?Is the nutritional content of different brands of a vegetable (e.g., canned peas) the same? Compare labels.Are permanent markers really permanent? What solven ts (e.g., water, alcohol, vinegar, detergent solution) will remove the ink? Do different brands/types of markers produce the same results? Is laundry detergent as effective if you use less than the recommended amount? More?How does the pH of soil relate to the pH of the water around the soil? You can make your own pH paper, test the pH of the soil, add water, then test the pH of the water. Are the two values the same? If not, is there a relationship between them?Do clear flavored drinks and colored flavored drinks (same flavor) taste the same? Does it matter if you can see the color?What percent of an orange is water? Get an approximate mass percent by weighing an orange, liquefying it in a blender, and measuring the strained liquid. (Note: other liquids, such as oils, will be present in trace amounts.) Alternatively, you could bake the weighed orange until it is dried and weigh it again.Does the temperature of a soda affect how much it sprays?You can refrigerate a soda, warm one in a hot water bath, shake them up, measure how much liquid is sprayed out. How do you explain the results?Do all brands of soda spray the sam e amount when you shake them up? Does it matter if its diet or regular soda? Do all brands of paper towels pick up the same amount of liquid? Compare single sheet of different brands. Be sure to use a teaspoon to measure incremental additions of liquid and record the number accurately. Continue to add liquid until the sheet until it is saturated, let any excess liquid drip off, and then squeeze the liquid from the wet paper towel into a measuring cup. Week-Long Projects These projects may take more than a few days to complete, as the processes they involve dont always happen overnight. If one of these projects interests your child, make sure he or she will have enough time to see it through to its conclusion, and again, make sure they document the steps they take along the way. What type of plastic wrap best prevents evaporation?What plastic wrap best prevents oxidation?Figure out how much of a weeks worth of your familys trash could be recycled. Compare the recyclables against the total amount of trash to determine what percentage is thrown away what could be re-used.Does light affect the rate at which foods spoil?Do the same types of mold grow on all types of bread?How does temperature affect the growth of Borax crystals? Crystals can be grown at room temperature, in the refrigerator, or in an ice bath. Growing crystals takes from two to five days. Since boiling water is required to melt the Borax, make sure to supervise your child.What conditions affect the ripening of fruit? Look at ethylene and enclosing a fruit in a sealed bag, temperature, light, or nearness to other pieces or fruit. Plant Germination and Growth (Long-Term Projects) Projects that involve growing plants over a period of time to see how different factors affect growth rate and germination are very popular with kids but they do take time and careful tending. You want your child to be excited by science. If it seems like a chore, they may lose interest. Younger children or those with short attention spans may be better off with a project from which they can see the results more quickly. If your child is good at keeping up with commitments and has the patience to watch things unfold, these projects are excellent examples from which they can learn and draw their scientific conclusions. How do different factors affect seed germination? Factors that you could test include the intensity, duration, or type of light, the temperature, the amount of water, the presence/absence of certain chemicals, or the presence/absence of soil. You can look at the percentage of seeds that germinate or the rate at which seeds germinate.Is a seed affected by its size? Do different size seeds have different germination rates or percentages? Does seed size affect the growth rate or final size of a plant?How does cold storage affect the germination of seeds? Factors you can control include the type of seeds, length of storage, the temperature of storage, light, and humidity.Does the presence of detergent in water affect plant growth?What is the effect of a chemical on a plant? You can look at natural pollutants (e.g., motor oil, runoff from a busy street) or unusual substances (e.g., orange juice, baking soda). Factors that you can measure include rate of plant growth, leaf size, life/death of the plant, the color of ​the  plant, and its ability to flower/bear fruit. Does magnetism affect the growth of plants? Science Fair Projects Beyond Grade School If your child loves science and is nearing grade school graduation and you want to keep their enthusiasm engaged, you can plan ahead by getting familiar with these science project ideas geared toward more advanced levels of education. Middle School ProjectsHigh School ProjectsCollege Projects

Critical Article Review -Race, Gender, Labor in 1960's Memphis Essay

Critical Article Review -Race, Gender, Labor in 1960's Memphis - Essay Example The article’s strength lies in its exploration of black men’s emasculation and their eventual â€Å"feminization† brought about by the labor and working conditions in the 1960s (Green 467). From the oral interviews, the author was able to elicit insightful responses about the gender, racial, and labor issues encountered by black men. By placing these responses side by side with a short narration of black slavery and the civil rights movement, the author clearly shows the underlying motivations of the black men who coined the slogan. The conclusion about black women appropriating the slogan for themselves, meanwhile, extends the article’s significance in the areas of feminism and ethnicity. Not only does the article examine black men’s opinions about the slogan, but the author also includes the perspective of women which, in turn, sheds light on the values women hold in feminist studies, and their sense of identity in ethnicity studies. For women, the slogan ‘I Am a Man’ means â€Å"justice† (Green 467), an assertion of courage (Green 474), or â€Å"freedom† (Green 475). Again, the author clearly establishes the different meanings attached by black women to the slogan through the oral interviews. The article’s lack of structure, however, weakens the conclusion and disorients the reader. There are no headings that organize the article’s main thesis and guide the reader to the introduction, literature review, findings, etc. The article flows continuously as a 25-page document without any breaks in between. In one paragraph, for instance, the author talks about the civil rights movement and then jumps into an interview of a black female in the next paragraph.

Feminist Perspectives on Land Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Feminist Perspectives on Land Law - Essay Example One of the important social factors contributing to this question has resulted from the fact that in recent year's family home has been used to secure for business borrowings in which both spouses are required to sign the relevant documents. There have been other economic and political factors which has supported this economic decision. This presents a new situation which brought to surface the impact of 'undue influence' on the minority and weaker section representing wives; on the ground of emotional and financial dependence on the husband. Some of the other factors have been increased owner-occupation since second World war, government encouragement to small businesses in 1980's and increasing trend for spouses to hold jointly the legal title to the family home.. The real source of the problem has emerged from the fact that though wife is now required to execute documents charging the family home, it does not necessarily mean that she has an equal involvement with her husband in planning the transaction or an equal voice when it comes to making the decision to sign. The role of the courts in the English law, is significant, while they respond to an increasing rhetoric of equality in English society througho... And it can be seen that judges have been even more creative in the way they have managed to limit women's rights to a successful claim or defence, to limit women's claims even when they appear to 'win' their case, and to ensure that men generally do better out of these disputes than women. The equality and justice is hard to sustain on the facts. (Auchmuty,2005)1 The focus of this discussion is evaluation and examination of the unfair justice practiced with regard to the position of the women, when it comes to equal treatment, in the matters concerning property disputes. On many instances it can be seen in the context of English Law that men and commercial lenders and other individual have been the greater beneficiary in comparison to women. The law and the judges have invariably favoured the possession of property to male members and commercial lenders with bias against their social disposition to manage and maintain property. English women have not been treated equally in relation to property; they have consistently been denied their fair share in property ownership. The biggest test for the courts and the judges have been in the cases where there is legal rhetoric and legal reasoning, which have supported unfair shares between the two genders in attaining court resolutions of informal co-ownership disputes and unfair outcomes in undue influence cases involving mortgagees. The rules of equity need to protect women as in many cases even judges lean towards male bias. "Married women could and probably should benefit from special protection in property law; that is , because married women suffer special disadvantage on account of their structural

Private Foreign Capital in India :: essays research papers

"Private Foreign Capital in India"-Macro Economics Problem: Has Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) contributed to the growth of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of India? Null Hypothesis (Ho): There is no significant increase in growth of GDP due to FDI inflow in India. Alternative Hypothesis (H1): There is significant increase in growth of GDP due to FDI inflow in India. Project Prà ©cis: Definition: FDI: The acquisition abroad of physical assets such as plant and equipment, with operating control residing in the parent corporation. GDP: The sum total of all final goods and services produced within a country in a specified period of time. Foreign direct investment is an important source of capital, complements domestic private investment, and is usually associated with new job opportunities, enhancement of technology and boosts economic growth in host countries. Therefore foreign direct investment flows are increasingly looked as a panacea for all the development needs of developing countries. So, there is an increasingly intense competition among countries to attract FDI inflows so much so that governments see the magnitudes of FDI received as indicators of their success. Preliminary Literature Survey: Recent literature has shown that some may bring valuable benefits to their host economies, others may crowd-out domestic enterprises and actually reduce host country welfare. Studies have also shown that host government policies such as screening mechanisms, performance requirements, incentives and pro-active promotion play an important role in determining the quality of FDI inflows. Although FDI inflows into India have increased considerably since1991, its share would appear too small, especially if it is compared with that of other countries in the region such as China. India has been receiving FDI inflows of about $3 to 4 billion a year that represent a marginal under 2 per cent of total inflows attracted by developing countries. In contrast, China has been receiving over $45 billion of inflows representing nearly a quarter of total developing country FDI inflows. Particulars China India FDI Confidence Index score*(January 2000) 1.45 1.14 FDI Inflow (US $ billions, 1998) 45.5 2.3 FDI Stock (US $ billions, 1998) 261.1 13.2 GDP (nominal US $ billions, 1999 estimate) 993 468.4 * The FDI confidence index tracks the impact of likely political, economic and regulatory changes on the foreign direct investment intentions and preferences of the leaders of some of the world’s leading companies. Two parameters i.e. Attractiveness and Current are considered for probable FDI inflow. From the diagram it is evident that India is average on Attractiveness and average on Current too. India scores well above countries like Indonesia, Thailand etc in terms of the parameters.

Lab Test: Tensile Testing

The mechanical properties of materials are determined by performing carefully designed laboratory experiments that replicate as nearly as possible the service conditions. In real life, there are many factors involved in the nature in which loads are applied on a material. The following are some common examples of modes in which loads might be applied: tensile, compressive, and shear. These properties are important In materials selections for mechanical design. Other factors that often complicate the design process Include temperature and time factors.The topic of this lab is confined to the tensile property of polymers. Figure 1 shows a tensile testing machine similar to the one used in this lab. This test is a destructive method, in which a specimen of a standard shape and dimensions (prepared according to ASTM D 638: standard test method for tensile properties of plastics) is subjected to an axial load. During a typical tensile experiment, a dog-bone shaped specimen Is gripped at I ts two ends and Is pulled to elongate at a determined rate to Its breakpoint; a highly ductile polymer may not reach its breakpoint.The tensile tester seed in this lab is manufactured by Insertion (model 5569). It has a maximum load of 2 or 50 ink and a variable pulling rate. The setup of the experiment could be changed to accommodate different types of mechanical testing, according to the ASTM standard (e. G. Compression test, etc). For analytical purposes, a plot of stress (o) versus strain (E) Is constructed during a tensile test experiment, which can be done automatically on the software provided by the instrument manufacturer. Stress, in the metric system, is usually measured in N/ mm or Pa, such that 1 N/mm = 1 Pa.From the experiment, the value of stress is lactated by dividing the amount of force (F) applied by the machine in the axial direction by its cross-sectional area (A), which is measured prior to running the experiment. Mathematically, It Is expressed In Equation 1. T he strain values, which have no units, can be calculated using Equation 2, where L Is the Instantaneous length of the specimen and LO Is the initial length. (Equation 1) (Equation 2) A typical stress-strain curve would look like Figure 2. The stress-strain curve shown In Figure 2 Is a textbook example of a stress-strain curve.In reality, not all stress-strain curves perfectly resemble the one shown In Figure 2. This stress-strain curve Is typical for ductile metallic elements. Another thing to take note is that Figure 2 shows an â€Å"engineering stress-strain† curve. When a material reaches its ultimate stress strength of the stress-strain curve, its cross-sectional area reduces dramatically, a term known as necking. When the computer software plots the stress-strain curve, it assumes that the cross sectional area stays constant throughout the experiment, even during necking, therefore causing the curve to slope down.The â€Å"true† stress- change in the cross section al area of the specimen throughout the experiment. Theoretically, even without measuring the cross-sectional area of the specimen during the tensile experiment, the â€Å"true† stress-strain curve could still be constructed by assuming that the volume of the material stays the same. Using this concept, both the true stress (UT) and the true strain (ET) could be calculated using Equations 3 and 4, respectively. The derivation of these equations is beyond the scope of this lab report. Consult any standard mechanics textbook to learn more about these equations.In these equations, LO refers to the initial length of the specimen, L refers o the instantaneous length and o refers to the instantaneous stress. (Equation 3) (Equation 4) Figure 2 also shows that a stress-strain curve is divided into four regions: elastic, yielding, strain hardening (commonly occurs in metallic materials), and necking. The area under the curve represents the amount of energy needed to accomplish each of these â€Å"events. † The total area under the curve (up to the point of fracture) is also known as the modulus of toughness.This represents the amount of energy needed to break the sample, which could be compared to the impact energy of the sample, determined from impact tests. The area under the linear region of the curve is known as the modulus of resilience. This represents the minimum amount of energy needed to deform the sample. The linear region of the curve of Figure 2, which is called the elastic region (past this region, is called the plastic region), is the region where a material behaves elastically. The material will return to its original shape when a force is released while the material is in its elastic region.The slope of the curve, which can be calculated using Equation 5, is a constant and is an intrinsic property of material known as the elastic modulus, E. In metric units, it is usually expressed in Pascal (Pa). (Equation 5) Figure 3(a) shows typical stre ss-strain curves of polymers. The figure shows that materials that are hard and brittle do not deform very much before breaking and have very steep elastic modulo. The mechanical property of polymers generally depends on their degree of crystalline, molecular weights and glass transition temperature, Tug.Highly crystalline polymeric materials with a Tug above the room temperature are usually brittle, and vice versa. When a semi-crystalline polymer undergoes a tensile test, the amorphous chains, will become aligned. This is usually evident for transparent and translucent materials, which become opaque upon turning crystalline. Figure 3(b) shows a diagram showing the mechanical property of some common polymers. Important! Make sure you wear safety glasses before starting any operation. Your eyes could be hurt by a broken piece of polymer. Also wear gloves to protect against any residue on the machine and samples. . 1 Specimen Preparation The polymer specimens were injection-molded int o dog-bone shapes. Their dimensions were determined according to the ASTM D 638 standard mentioned earlier in the introduction. (1) Measure the thickness, width and gage length of polymer samples in mm. These dimensions should be approximately the same for each sample. (2) Also make note of any sample defects (e. G. Impurities, air bubbles, etc. ). The following samples will be tested: 1) Polypropylene (UP), polystyrene (AS), polycyclic acid (polymer), high density polyethylene (HIDE), and Dentally for analysis of mechanical properties. ) Polystyrene: to compare effects of feeding direction on mechanical properties. 3) Polypropylene: to analyze effects of strain rate on mechanical properties. . 2 Bluebill Software Setup 1) Turn on the tensile test machine. The switch is located on the right side of the machine. Also turn on the video extensors. (2)Go to the desktop and double-click on the â€Å"Bluebill† icon. (3) On the main page, select Test to start a new sample. Name your test and click Browse to select the folder you would like to save it in. Click next. (4) Choose which method you would like to use.Create and save a new method if needed. (5) Method set up: Save after any changes are made. General: used for display purposes Specimen: specifies sample dimensions and parameters. A doggone sample is used for tensile testing. Select rectangular, and specify the width, thickness and gauge length of the sample. The gauge length is the distance between the clamps before starting the test. Control: describes the actual test. Select extension for mode of displacement, then specify the rate of extension. Most use 5 mm/min or 50 min/mm, depending on if you want a slow or fast test.End of Test: identifies the criteria for the end of the test. A large load drop is experienced when sample failure occurs. For this test, when the sample load drops by a certain percentage of the peak load, he machine will stop. Data: specifies if the data is acquired manually or au tomatically, while the strain tab recognizes whether the strain is measured from the video exterminates or the extension. Results and Graphs: select what data is shown and how it is displayed. (1) Make sure the proper load cell is installed, either 2 ink or 50 ink depending on the load range and sensitivity of the sample.To switch load cells, make sure the machine is off. Unscrew the bolts and remove using the handle. Make sure to plug the new load cell into the port behind the machine. (2) Calibrate the load cell by licking on the button in the upper right hand corner. Make sure all loads are removed from the load cell and click calibrate. (3) Install the correct type of clamps for the testing. For tensile testing, non or ink samples can be used. Install the clamps using the pins. Also install height brackets if needed. Zero the load once the clamps are installed. 4) Press the up and down arrows on the controller until the clamps are Just touching. Press the reset gauge length butt on at the top of the screen to zero the position of the clamps. (5) Use the up and down arrows until the clamps are about 100 mm apart. This is a typical gauge length for the dog bone samples. (6) Place the polymer sample between the grips of both the tensile test machine. While holding the sample vertically with one hand, use another hand to turn the handle of the top grip in the closing direction as tightly as possible. The specimen should be gripped such that the two ends of the specimen are covered by the grip, approximately 3 mm away from its gage-length. It is important that the specimens are tightly gripped onto the specimen grips to prevent slipping, which will otherwise result in experimental errors. ) (8) Make sure that the specimen s vertically aligned, if not a torsion's force, rather than axial force, will result. (9) Turn the bottom handle in the â€Å"close† direction as tightly as possible. Visually verify that the sample is gripped symmetrically at its two en ds. 10)Zero the extension by pushing zero extension button at the top of the screen. Also zero the load if needed. Wait for a few seconds to let the computer return its value to zero. 2. 4 Tensile Test (1) Enter geometry of the sample before starting. (2) Click on the Start button. Both the upper and bottom grips will start moving in opposite directions according to the specified pulling rate. Observe the experiment at a safe distance (about 1. 5 meters away) at an angle and take note of the failure mode when the specimen fails. (NOTE: Be sure to wear safety glasses.Do not come close to equipment when the tensile test is running). (3) A plot of tensile stress (Amp) versus tensile strain (mm/mm) will be generated in real-time during the experiment. 2. 6 End of Test (1) The machine will stop automatically when the sample is broken. (2) Press the â€Å"Return† button on the digital controller. Both the upper and lower grips will be returned to their original positions automatica lly. 3) Turn the two handles in the open directions to remove the sample (4) Repeat the previous steps for any additional tests. 5) When finished, save your file and click Finish. This will export your data into a PDF and individual data files. (6) Clean up any broken fragments from the specimens. (7) Turn off the machine and exit the program when finished. Graph UP (50 mm/mm extension), AS (2 feed inputs), PLAN, HIDE and Dentally results using raw data files. There should be two tests for each polymer, but Just pick one to graph. Construct the true stress-strain curves for each polymer (hint: use Equations 3) and (4) provided in the Introduction section).Calculate Young Modulus for each material and testing condition and compare experimental values with literature values. Discuss any differences in mechanical behavior between the polymers (use pictures! ) Analyze the fracture modes of each sample (ductile fracture, brittle fracture, or intermediate fracture mode). Using the data fo r polypropylene, discuss the effects of strain rate on the mechanical behavior of the polymers. Using the data for polystyrene, compare effects of feed direction on the mechanical behavior. Explain any unexpected results.

National Committee Of Quality Assurance Of Health Insurers...

NCQA is the National Committee of Quality Assurance of health insurers in the United States. It is a private non-for profit organization that has driven the improvement of health care quality across the United States since 1990. Most health organizations in the United States are looking for that type of accreditation to ensure their quality. The CHP plan has many benefits applied and guaranteed by Cigna PPO which is one of the top ranking health insurers in New York State according to the NCQA and has a national rank of 156. The Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set, HEDIS, is used by more than 90% of health insurance plans to evaluate the performance on the basis of care and service. HEDIS makes it easy for customers to compare different health plans on similar basis as it has specifically defined measures. Health plans use HEDIS results to measure their progression and determine what exactly they need to focus on to make a development. 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